Practical Electronics for Inventors, 4th Edition PDF

About Of The Book :

"Practical Electronics for Inventors" is a comprehensive guide to electronics for hobbyists, students, and engineers. It covers the fundamental concepts and practical skills needed to get started in the field of electronics, including circuit design, prototyping, and testing. The book features a variety of practical projects and experiments that illustrate key concepts, and provides detailed explanations of the underlying theory. Topics covered include diodes, transistors, operational amplifiers, voltage regulators, and digital electronics, among others. This book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning about electronics and building their own projects.

Inventors in the field of electronics are individuals who possess the knowledge, intuition, creativity,

and technical know-how to turn their ideas into real-life electrical gadgets. It is my hope that this book

will provide you with an intuitive understanding of the theoretical and practical aspects of electronics

in a way that fuels your creativity.

This book is designed to help beginning inventors invent. It assumes little to no prior knowledge of

electronics. Therefore, educators, students, and aspiring hobbyists will find this book a good initial

text. At the same time, technicians and more advanced hobbyists may find this book a useful resource.

Notes About the Third Edition

The third edition of Practical Electronics for Inventors includes the following new chapters:

• Chapter 6, “Sensors,” covers a wide range of discrete and IC sensors, such as temperature sensors,

accelerometers, rotary encoders, and Geiger–Müller tubes.

• Chapter 13, “Microcontrollers,” includes in-depth details of Atmel and Microchip

microcontrollers, as well as the popular Arduino and BASIC Stamp prototyping platforms. There

is also a comprehensive section on interfacing with microcontrollers and serial communications,

including I

2C, SPI, and 1-Wire.

• Chapter 16, “Modular Electronics,” covers the wide range of prebuilt electronic modules as useful

prototyping tools. This chapter lists some of the most useful modules available, and also provides

details of useful special-purpose ICs and an introduction to the plug-together approach of .NET

Gadgeteer.

Throughout the book, there have been numerous changes, bringing the material up to date and

including new topics such as GPS modules, digital amplification, LED Charlieplexing, and

introductions to the use of modern software tools like EAGLE PCB Design and CircuitLab’s online

simulation software.

Contents Of The Book :

Read also :Analog Circuit Design: Low-Power Low-Voltage, Integrated Filters and Smart Power Download PDF

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Electronics

CHAPTER 2 Theory

2.1 Theory of Electronics

2.2 Electric Current

2.2.1 Currents in Perspective

2.3 Voltage

2.3.1 The Mechanisms of Voltage

2.3.2 Definition of Volt and Generalized Power Law

2.3.3 Combining Batteries

2.3.4 Other Voltage Sources

2.3.5 Water Analogies

2.4 A Microscopic View of Conduction (For Those Who Are Interested)

2.4.1 Applying a Voltage

2.5 Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity

2.5.1 How the Shape of a Conductor Affects Resistance

2.5.2 Resistivity and Conductivity

2.6 Insulators, Conductors, and Semiconductors

2.7 Heat and Power

2.8 Thermal Heat Conduction and Thermal Resistance

2.8.1 Importance of Heat Production

2.9 Wire Gauges

2.10 Grounds

2.10.1 Earth Ground

2.10.2 Different Types of Ground Symbols

2.10.3 Loose Ends on Grounding

2.11 Electric Circuits

2.12 Ohm’s Law and Resistors

2.12.1 Resistor Power Ratings

2.12.2 Resistors in Parallel

2.12.3 Resistors in Series

2.12.4 Reducing a Complex Resistor Network

2.12.5 Multiple Voltage Dividers

2.13 Voltage and Current Sources

2.14 Measuring Voltage, Current, and Resistance

2.15 Combining Batteries

2.16 Open and Short Circuits

2.17 Kirchhoff’s Laws

2.18 Superposition Theorem

2.19 Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems

2.19.1 Thevenin’s Theorem

2.19.2 Norton’s Theorem

2.20 AC Circuits

2.20.1 Generating AC

2.20.2 Water Analogy of AC

2.20.3 Pulsating DC

2.20.4 Combining Sinusoidal Sources

2.20.5 AC Waveforms

2.20.6 Describing an AC Waveform

2.20.7 Frequency and Period

2.20.8 Phase

2.21 AC and Resistors, RMS Voltage, and Current

2.22 Mains Power

2.23 Capacitors

2.23.1 Determining Capacitance

2.23.2 Commercial Capacitors

2.23.3 Voltage Rating and Dielectric Breakdown

2.23.4 Maxwell’s Displacement Current

2.23.5 Charge-Based Model of Current Through a Capacitor

2.23.6 Capacitor Water Analogy

2.23.7 Energy in a Capacitor

2.23.8 RC Time Constant

2.23.9 Stray Capacitance

2.23.10 Capacitors in Parallel

2.23.11 Capacitors in Series

2.23.12 Alternating Current in a Capacitor

2.23.13 Capacitive Reactance

2.23.14 Capacitive Divider

2.23.15 Quality Factor

2.24 Inductors

2.24.1 Electromagnetism

2.24.2 Magnetic Fields and Their Influence

2.24.3 Self-Inductance

2.24.4 Inductors

2.24.5 Inductor Water Analogy

2.24.6 Inductor Equations

2.24.7 Energy Within an Inductor

2.24.8 Inductor Cores

2.24.9 Understanding the Inductor Equations

2.24.10 Energizing LR Circuit

2.24.11 Deenergizing LR Circuit

2.24.12 Voltage Spikes Due to Switching

2.24.13 Straight-Wire Inductance

2.24.14 Mutual Inductance and Magnetic Coupling

2.24.15 Unwanted Coupling: Spikes, Lightning, and Other Pulses

2.24.16 Inductors in Series and Parallel

2.24.17 Alternating Current and Inductors

2.24.18 Inductive Reactance

2.24.19 Nonideal Inductor Model

2.24.20 Quality Factor

2.24.21 Inductor Applications

2.25 Modeling Complex Circuits

2.26 Complex Numbers

2.27 Circuit with Sinusoidal Sources

2.27.1 Analyzing Sinusoidal Circuits with Complex Impedances

2.27.2 Sinusoidal Voltage Source in Complex Notation

2.27.3 Odd Phenomena in Reactive Circuits

2.28 Power in AC Circuits (Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power)

2.28.1 Power Factor

2.29 Thevenin’s Theorem in AC Form

2.30 Resonant Circuits

2.30.1 Resonance in RLC Circuits

2.30.2 Q (Quality Factor) and Bandwidth

2.30.3 Bandwidth

2.30.4 Voltage Drop Across Components in RLC Resonant Circuit

2.30.5 Capacitor Losses

2.30.6 Parallel-Resonant Circuits

2.30.7 The Q of Loaded Circuits

2.31 Lecture on Decibels

2.31.1 Alternative Decibel Representations

2.32 Input and Output Impedance

2.32.1 Input Impedance

2.32.2 Output Impedance

2.33 Two-Port Networks and Filters

2.33.1 Filters

2.33.2 Attenuators

2.34 Transient Circuits

2.34.1 Series RLC Circuit

2.35 Circuits with Periodic Nonsinusoidal Sources

2.35.1 Fourier Series

2.36 Nonperiodic Sources

2.37 SPICE

2.37.1 How SPICE Works

2.37.2 Limitations of SPICE and Other Simulators

2.37.3 A Simple Simulation Example

CHAPTER 3 Basic Electronic Circuit Components

3.1 Wires, Cables, and Connectors

3.1.1 Wires

3.1.2 Cables

3.1.3 Connectors

3.1.4 Wiring and Connector Symbols

3.1.5 High-Frequency Effects Within Wires and Cables

3.2 Batteries

3.2.1 How a Cell Works

3.2.2 Primary Batteries

3.2.3 Comparing Primary Batteries

3.2.4 Secondary Batteries

3.2.5 Battery Capacity

3.2.6 Note on Internal Voltage Drop of a Battery

3.3 Switches

3.3.1 How a Switch Works

3.3.2 Describing a Switch

3.3.3 Kinds of Switches

3.3.4 Simple Switch Applications

3.4 Relays

3.4.1 Specific Kinds of Relays

3.4.2 A Few Notes about Relays

3.4.3 Some Simple Relay Circuits

3.5 Resistors

3.5.1 Resistance and Ohm’s Law

3.5.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel

3.5.3 Reading Resistor Labels

3.5.4 Real Resistor Characteristics

3.5.5 Types of Resistors

3.5.6 Variable Resistors (Rheostats, Potentiometers, Trimmers)

3.5.7 Potentiometer Characteristics

3.6 Capacitors

3.6.1 Capacitance

3.6.2 Capacitors in Parallel

3.6.3 Capacitors in Series

3.6.4 RC Time Constant

3.6.5 Capacitive Reactance

3.6.6 Real Capacitors

3.6.7 Capacitor Specifications

3.6.8 Types of Capacitors

3.6.9 Capacitor Applications

3.6.10 Timing and Sample and Hold

3.6.11 RC Ripple Filter

3.6.12 Arc Suppression

3.6.13 Supercapacitor Applications

3.6.14 Problems

3.7 Inductors

3.7.1 Inductance

3.7.2 Constructing Inductors

3.7.3 Inductors in Series and Parallel

3.7.4 RL Time Constant

3.7.5 Inductive Reactance

3.7.6 Real Inductors

3.7.7 Inductor Specifications

3.7.8 Types of Inductors

3.7.9 Reading Inductor Labels

3.7.10 Inductor Applications

3.7.11 EMI/EMC Design Tips

3.8 Transformers

3.8.1 Basic Operations

3.8.2 Transformer Construction

3.8.3 Autotransformers and Variable Transformers

3.8.4 Circuit Isolation and the Isolation Transformer

3.8.5 Various Standard and Specialized Transformers

3.8.6 Transformer Applications

3.9 Fuses and Circuit Breakers

3.9.1 Types of Fuses and Circuit Breakers

CHAPTER 4 Semiconductors

4.1 Semiconductor Technology

4.1.1 What Is a Semiconductor?

4.1.2 Applications of Silicon

4.2 Diodes

4.2.1 How p-n Junction Diodes Work

4.2.2 Diode Water Analogy

4.2.3 Kinds of Rectifiers/Diodes

4.2.4 Practical Considerations

4.2.5 Diode/Rectifier Applications

4.2.6 Zener Diodes

4.2.7 Zener Diode Applications

4.2.8 Varactor Diodes (Variable Capacitance Diodes)

4.2.9 PIN Diodes

4.2.10 Microwave Diodes (IMPATT, Gunn, Tunnel, etc.)

4.2.11 Problems

4.3 Transistors

4.3.1 Introduction to Transistors

4.3.2 Bipolar Transistors

4.3.3 Junction Field-Effect Transistors

4.3.4 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors

4.3.5 Unijunction Transistors

4.4 Thyristors

4.4.1 Introduction

4.4.2 Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers

4.4.3 Silicon-Controlled Switches

4.4.4 Triacs

4.4.5 Four-Layer Diodes and Diacs

4.5 Transient Voltage Suppressors

4.5.1 Lecture on Transients

4.5.2 Devices Used to Suppress Transients

4.6 Integrated Circuits

4.6.1 IC Packages

CHAPTER 5 Optoelectronics

5.1 A Little Lecture on Photons

5.2 Lamps

5.3 Light-Emitting Diodes

5.3.1 How an LED Works

5.3.2 Kinds of LEDs

5.3.3 More on LEDs

5.3.4 LED Applications

5.3.5 Laser Diodes

5.4 Photoresistors

5.4.1 How a Photoresistor Works

5.4.2 Technical Stuff

5.4.3 Applications

5.5 Photodiodes

5.5.1 How a Photodiode Works

5.5.2 Basic Operations

5.5.3 Kinds of Photodiodes

5.6 Solar Cells

5.6.1 Basic Operations

5.7 Phototransistors

5.7.1 How a Phototransistor Works

5.7.2 Basic Configurations

5.7.3 Kinds of Phototransistors

5.7.4 Technical Stuff

5.7.5 Applications

5.8 Photothyristors

5.8.1 How LASCRs Work

5.8.2 Basic Operation

5.9 Optoisolators

5.9.1 Integrated Optoisolators

5.9.2 Applications

5.10 Optical Fiber

CHAPTER 6 Sensors

6.1 General Principals

6.1.1 Precision, Accuracy, and Resolution

6.1.2 The Observer Effect

6.1.3 Calibration

6.2 Temperature

6.2.1 Thermistors

6.2.2 Thermocouples

6.2.3 Resistive Temperature Detectors

6.2.4 Analog Output Thermometer ICs

6.2.5 Digital Thermometer ICs

6.2.6 Infrared Thermometers/Pyrometers

6.2.7 Summary

6.3 Proximity and Touch

6.3.1 Touch Screens

6.3.2 Ultrasonic Distance

6.3.3 Optical Distance

6.3.4 Capacitive Sensors

6.3.5 Summary

6.4 Movement, Force, and Pressure

6.4.1 Passive Infrared

6.4.2 Acceleration

6.4.3 Rotation

6.4.4 Flow

6.4.5 Force

6.4.6 Tilt

6.4.7 Vibration and Mechanical Shock

6.4.8 Pressure

6.5 Chemical

6.5.1 Smoke

6.5.2 Gas

6.5.3 Humidity

6.6 Light, Radiation, Magnetism, and Sound

6.6.1 Light

6.6.2 Ionizing Radiation

6.6.3 Magnetic Fields

6.6.4 Sound

6.7 GPS

CHAPTER 7 Hands-on Electronics

7.1 Safety

7.1.1 Lecture on Safety

7.1.2 Damaging Components with Electrostatic Discharge

7.1.3 Component Handling Precautions

7.2 Constructing Circuits

7.2.1 Drawing a Circuit Schematic

7.2.2 A Note on Circuit Simulator Programs

7.2.3 Making a Prototype of Your Circuit

7.2.4 The Final Circuit

7.2.5 Making a PCB

7.2.6 Special Pieces of Hardware Used in Circuit Construction

7.2.7 Soldering

7.2.8 Desoldering

7.2.9 Enclosing the Circuit

7.2.10 Useful Items to Keep Handy

7.2.11 Troubleshooting the Circuits You Build

7.3 Multimeters

7.3.1 Basic Operation

7.3.2 How Analog VOMs Work

7.3.3 How Digital Multimeters Work

7.3.4 A Note on Measurement Errors

7.4 Oscilloscopes

7.4.1 How Scopes Work

7.4.2 Interior Circuitry of a Scope

7.4.3 Aiming the Beam

7.4.4 Scope Usage

7.4.5 What All the Little Knobs and Switches Do

7.4.6 Measuring Things with Scopes

7.4.7 Scope Applications

7.4.8 Measuring Impedances

7.5 The Electronics Laboratory

7.5.1 Work Area

7.5.2 Test Equipment

7.5.3 Multimeters

7.5.4 DC Power Supplies

7.5.5 Oscilloscope

7.5.6 Oscilloscope Probes

7.5.7 General-Purpose Function Generator

7.5.8 Frequency Counter

7.5.9 Computer

7.5.10 Miscellaneous Test Equipment

7.5.11 Multifunction PC Instruments

7.5.12 Isolation Transformers

7.5.13 Variable Transformers, or Variacs

7.5.14 Substitution Boxes

7.5.15 Test Cables, Connectors, and Adapters

7.5.16 Soldering Equipment

7.5.17 Prototyping Boards

7.5.18 Hand Tools

7.5.19 Wires, Cables, Hardware, and Chemicals

7.5.20 Electronics Catalogs

7.5.21 Recommended Electronics Parts

7.5.22 Electronic CAD Programs

7.5.23 Building Your Own Workbench

CHAPTER 8 Operational Amplifiers

8.1 Operational Amplifier Water Analogy

8.2 How Op Amps Work (The “Cop-Out” Explanation)

8.3 Theory

8.4 Negative Feedback

8.5 Positive Feedback

8.6 Real Kinds of Op Amps

8.7 Op Amp Specifications

8.8 Powering Op Amps

8.9 Some Practical Notes

8.10 Voltage and Current Offset Compensation

8.11 Frequency Compensation

8.12 Comparators

8.13 Comparators with Hysteresis

8.13.1 Inverting Comparator with Hysteresis

8.13.2 Noninverting Comparator with Hysteresis

8.14 Using Single-Supply Comparators

8.15 Window Comparator

8.16 Voltage-Level Indicator

8.17 Applications

CHAPTER 9 Filters

9.1 Things to Know Before You Start Designing Filters

9.2 Basic Filters

9.3 Passive Low-Pass Filter Design

9.4 A Note on Filter Types

9.5 Passive High-Pass Filter Design

9.6 Passive Bandpass Filter Design

9.7 Passive Notch Filter Design

9.8 Active Filter Design

9.8.1 Active Low-Pass Filter Example

9.8.2 Active High-Pass Filter Example

9.8.3 Active Bandpass Filters

9.8.4 Active Notch Filters

9.9 Integrated Filter Circuits

CHAPTER 10 Oscillators and Timers

10.1 RC Relaxation Oscillators

10.2 The 555 Timer IC

10.2.1 How a 555 Works (Astable Operation)

10.2.2 Basic Astable Operation

10.2.3 How a 555 Works (Monostable Operation)

10.2.4 Basic Monostable Operation

10.2.5 Some Important Notes About 555 Timers

10.2.6 Simple 555 Applications

10.3 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators

10.4 Wien-Bridge and Twin-T Oscillators

10.5 LC Oscillators (Sinusoidal Oscillators)

10.6 Crystal Oscillators

10.7 Microcontroller Oscillators

CHAPTER 11 Voltage Regulators and Power Supplies

11.1 Voltage-Regulator ICs

11.1.1 Fixed Regulator ICs

11.1.2 Adjustable Regulator ICs

11.1.3 Regulator Specifications

11.2 A Quick Look at a Few Regulator Applications

11.3 The Transformer

11.4 Rectifier Packages

11.5 A Few Simple Power Supplies

11.6 Technical Points About Ripple Reduction

11.7 Loose Ends

11.8 Switching Regulator Supplies (Switchers)

11.9 Switch-Mode Power Supplies

11.10 Kinds of Commercial Power Supply Packages

11.11 Power Supply Construction

CHAPTER 12 Digital Electronics

12.1 The Basics of Digital Electronics

12.1.1 Digital Logic States

12.1.2 Number Codes Used in Digital Electronics

12.1.3 Clock Timing and Parallel Versus Serial Transmission

12.2 Logic Gates

12.2.1 Multiple-Input Logic Gates

12.2.2 Digital Logic Gate ICs

12.2.3 Applications for a Single Logic Gate

12.2.4 Combinational Logic

12.2.5 Keeping Circuits Simple (Karnaugh Maps)

12.3 Combinational Devices

12.3.1 Multiplexers (Data Selectors) and Bilateral Switches

12.3.2 Demultiplexers (Data Distributors) and Decoders

12.3.3 Encoders and Code Converters

12.3.4 Binary Adders

12.3.5 Binary Adder/Subtractor

12.3.6 Arithmetic Logic Units

12.3.7 Comparators and Magnitude Comparator ICs

12.3.8 Parity Generator/Checker

12.3.9 A Note on Obsolescence and the Trend Toward Microcontroller Control

12.4 Logic Families

12.4.1 TTL Family of ICs

12.4.2 CMOS Family of ICs

12.4.3 I/O Voltages and Noise Margins

12.4.4 Current Ratings, Fanout, and Propagation Delays

12.4.5 A Detailed Look at the TTL and CMOS Subfamilies

12.4.6 A Look at a Few Other Logic Series

12.4.7 Logic Gates with Open-Collector Outputs

12.4.8 Schmitt-Triggered Gates

12.4.9 Interfacing Logic Families

12.5 Powering and Testing Logic ICs

12.5.1 Power Supply Decoupling

12.5.2 Unused Inputs

12.5.3 Logic Probes and Logic Pulsers

12.6 Sequential Logic

12.6.1 SR Flip-Flops

12.6.2 SR Flip-Flop ICs

12.6.3 D-Type Flip-Flops

12.6.4 Quad and Octal D Flip-Flops

12.6.5 JK Flip-Flops

12.6.6 Practical Timing Considerations with Flip-Flops

12.6.7 Digital Clock Generators and Single-Pulse Generators

12.6.8 Automatic Power-Up Clear (Reset) Circuits

12.6.9 More on Switch Debouncers

12.6.10 Pullup and Pulldown Resistors

12.7 Counter ICs

12.7.1 Asynchronous Counter (Ripple Counter) ICs

12.7.2 Synchronous Counter ICs

12.7.3 A Note on Counters with Displays

12.8 Shift Registers

12.8.1 Serial-In/Serial-Out Shift Registers

12.8.2 Serial-In/Parallel-Out Shift Registers

12.8.3 Parallel-In/Serial-Out Shift Registers

12.8.4 Ring Counter (Shift Register Sequencer)

12.8.5 Johnson Shift Counter

12.8.6 Shift Register ICs

12.8.7 Simple Shift Register Applications

12.9 Three-State Buffers, Latches, and Transceivers

12.9.1 Three-State Octal Buffers

12.9.2 Three-State Octal Latches and Flip-Flops

12.9.3 Transceivers

12.10 Analog/Digital Interfacing

12.10.1 Triggering Simple Logic Responses from Analog Signals

12.10.2 Using Logic to Drive External Loads

12.10.3 Analog Switches

12.10.4 Analog Multiplexer/Demultiplexer

12.10.5 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion

12.10.6 Analog-to-Digital Converters

12.11 Displays

12.11.1 LED Displays

12.11.2 Liquid-Crystal Displays

12.12 Memory Devices

12.12.1 Read-Only Memory

12.12.2 Simple ROM Made Using Diodes

12.12.3 Memory Size and Organization

12.12.4 Simple Programmable ROM

12.12.5 ROM Devices

12.12.6 RAM

CHAPTER 13 Microcontrollers

13.1 Basic Structure of a Microcontroller

13.2 Example Microcontrollers

13.2.1 The ATtiny85 Microcontroller

13.2.2 The PIC16Cx Microcontrollers

13.2.3 32-Bit Microcontrollers

13.2.4 Digital Signal Processing

13.3 Evaluation/Development Boards

13.4 Arduino

13.4.1 A Tour of Arduino

13.4.2 The Arduino IDE

13.4.3 Arduino Board Models

13.4.4 Shields

13.4.5 The Arduino C Library

13.4.6 Arduino Example Project

13.4.7 Taking the Arduino Offboard

13.5 Interfacing with Microcontrollers

13.5.1 Switches

13.5.2 Analog Inputs

13.5.3 High-Power Digital Outputs

13.5.4 Sound Interfaces

13.5.5 Serial Interfaces

13.5.6 Level Conversion

13.5.7 LED Display Interfaces

CHAPTER 14 Motors

14.1 DC Continuous Motors

14.2 Speed Control of DC Motors

14.3 Directional Control of DC Motors

14.4 RC Servos

14.5 Stepper Motors

14.6 Kinds of Stepper Motors

14.7 Driving Stepper Motors

14.8 Controlling the Driver with a Translator

14.9 A Final Word on Identifying Stepper Motors

CHAPTER 15 Audio Electronics

15.1 A Little Lecture on Sound

15.2 Microphones

15.3 Microphone Specifications

15.4 Audio Amplifiers

15.4.1 Inverting Amplifier

15.4.2 Noninverting Amplifier

15.4.3 Digital Amplifiers

15.4.4 Reducing Hum in Audio Amplifiers

15.5 Preamplifiers

15.6 Mixer Circuits

15.7 A Note on Impedance Matching

15.8 Speakers

15.9 Crossover Networks

15.10 Simple ICs Used to Drive Speakers

15.11 Audible-Signal Devices

15.12 Miscellaneous Audio Circuits

CHAPTER 16 Modular Electronics

16.1 There’s an IC for It

16.2 Breakout Boards and Modules

16.2.1 Radio Frequency Modules

16.2.2 Audio Modules

16.3 Plug-and-Play Prototyping

16.4 Open Source Hardware

APPENDIX A Power Distribution and Home Wiring

A.1 Power Distribution

A.2 A Closer Look at Three-Phase Electricity

A.3 Home Wiring

A.4 Electricity in Other Countries

APPENDIX B Error Analysis

B.1 Absolute Error, Relative Error, and Percent Error

B.2 Uncertainty Estimates